Секулярность в социально-культурном контексте: пример Дании

Елена Алексеевна Степанова

doi:10.21638/spbu17.2019.117

Авторы

Елена Алексеевна Степанова Уральский федеральный университет, Российская Федерация, 620002, Екатеринбург, ул. Мира, 19

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2019.117

Аннотация

В статье анализируется смысл понятия «секулярность» в социально-культурном контексте Дании, являющейся одной из самых секулярных наций в мире, притом что Евангелическая лютеранская церковь там имеет статус государственной. Особое положение Folkekirke закреплено в конституции страны 1953 г., оговаривающей государственные гарантии по созданию благоприятных условий для ее деятельности, а также частичное финансирование. В то же время конституция провозглашает свободу вероисповедания. Это обстоятельство в качестве предмета исследования порождает многие теоретические проблемы, связанные, в первую очередь, с уточнением смысла используемых в нем основных понятий и специфики их применимости к социально-культурной ситуации каждой конкретной страны. С точки зрения типологии секулярности, Дания обычно рассматривается как промежуточная модель между британской системой «установленной» (established) церкви и французским принципом läicité. В статье термин «секулярность» рассматривается в свете современных академических дискуссий о теории секуляризации, о множественных модерностях и множественных секулярностях; последняя подразумевает одновременное существование различных типов секулярности, формирующихся в рамках культурно-исторических традиций той или иной страны и постоянно изменяющихся под влиянием возникающих социетальных реальностей. Представлен критический обзор некоторых наиболее популярных теоретических версий, существующих в западных исследованиях религии, где делается попытка объяснения причин и характера секулярности в Дании, а также в других странах Северной Европы. Автор делает вывод о том, что рассмотренные варианты в целом не противоречат друг другу, но дополняют друг друга и демонстрируют тот факт, что адекватная интерпретация всякого сложного явления не должна быть односторонней и замкнутой в пределах какой-то одной предметной области.

Ключевые слова:

секулярность, религиозность, Церковь датского народа, множественные секулярности, скрытая сакральность, культурная религиозность

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Библиографические ссылки

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Zuckerman, Ph. (2009), “Why are Danes and Swedes So Irreligious?”, Nordic Journal of Religion and Society, vol. 1, no. 22, pp. 55–69.

Zuckerman, Ph. (2008), Society without God: What the Least Religious Nations Can Tell Us About Contentment, New York University Press, New York, NY, USA.

Levisen, C. (2013), Cultural Semantics and Social Cognition: A Case Study on the Danish Universe of Meaning. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.

Zuckerman, Ph. (2012), “Contrasting Irreligious Orientation: Atheism and Secularity in the USA and Scandinavia”, Approaching Religion, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 8–20.

Rosen, I. (2009), “I’m a believer — but I’ll be damned if I’m religious: Belief and religion in the Greater Copenhagen area: A focus group study”. Lund Studies in Sociology of Religion, vol. 8.