Secret services of the USSR in Spain and their role in the military and political conflict of 1936–1939

Authors

  • Sergey V. Ratz St. Petersburg State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2020.212

Abstract

The article is dedicated to the activities of the Soviet intelligence agencies in Spain during the Civil War of 1936–1939. By June 1936, diplomatic relations between USSR and Spain were absent. Due to the putschist revolt and the appeal of the legitimate government of Spain to the USSR, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolshevik) made a decision to establish diplomatic, military, and trade delegations in Spain. The intelligence agencies of the USSR planned operation ‘X’ for military assistance to Spain. As part of this operation, a Soviet advisory staff concerning military and foreign intelligence was formed. The author brings to light the goals of the secret service authorities of the Soviet Union, including such particular ones as the removal of Spain’s gold reserve and the creation of the 14th Partisan Corps. The article analyses the activities of the advisory staff, their role in the development of the largest military operations during the Spanish Civil War, and traces the fate of the conflict’s most active participants. Based on the analysis of new data introduced into the historical discourse in recent years, the author concludes that the secret services of the USSR played a large role in this conflict. The Soviet advisors and specialists obtained unique experiences, including conducting large-scale operations; military equipment was tested in actual battle activities; intelligence specialists enlisted information sources with great potential. Many military specialists tried and trained in Spain in 1936–1939 later played an invaluable role in the victory of the USSR in the Great Patriotic War. 

Keywords:

Civil War in Spain, Soviet secret services in Spain in 1936–1939, NKVD in Spain, Spanish gold reserve, partisan war, A. M. Orlov, N. G. Kuznetsov, A. Nin

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References

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Published

2020-06-30

How to Cite

Ratz, S. V. (2020). Secret services of the USSR in Spain and their role in the military and political conflict of 1936–1939. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies, 36(2), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2020.212

Issue

Vol. 36 No. 2 (2020): Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies

Section

Conflict studies

License

Articles of "Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies" are open access distributed under the terms of the License Agreement with Saint Petersburg State University, which permits to the authors unrestricted distribution and self-archiving free of charge.